How Long Are the SAT Subject Tests

To what extent Are the SAT Subject Tests SAT/ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips The SAT subject tests are every one of the one hour long and are for the most part different decision. Notwithstanding, they contrast in highlights, group, and the time pressure you will feel contingent upon where your scholarly qualities and shortcomings lie. How about we examine the distinctions among the subject tests and how you can beat the time pressure. In the first place, how about we think about the one of a kind highlights of the test. One of a kind Features There are 21 distinctive subject tests (I'm tallying Biology E and Biology M as two separate tests). Of these tests, the language, science, math, and science tests have some exceptional highlights, as clarified underneath. Language Subject Tests Some language tests incorporate a Listening segment. Listening tests are constantly given in the principal hour on test day, so you can just take one Listening test for each test date. French, German, and Spanish have non-Listening and Listening alternatives. Chinese, Korean, and Japanese must be taken as Listening tests. Language Subject Tests are additionally the main Subject Tests with four answer decisions for each question. All other Subject Tests have five answer decisions for each question. Science Subject Tests In the event that you decide to take the Biology subject test, you have the choice of Biology E or Biology M. While they share 60 center inquiries, each has an extra 20 inquiries with a biological or a sub-atomic core interest. Become familiar with which fixation bodes well for you by investigating some training questions. Math Subject Test There are two math subject tests, Level 1 and Level 2. Level 1 requires two years of variable based math and one year of geometry. Level 2 requires the equivalent in addition to some comprehension of trigonometry and pre-analytics. Level 2 likewise requires increasingly broad utilization of (and comfort with) a charting adding machine. Science Subject Tests The science test has a different segment on the air pocket sheet for you to address 5 uncommon inquiries. These inquiries will pose to you to look at two proclamations by adjusting conditions or making expectations about compound responses. Different tests are moderately direct in their arrangement. Since every one of them are 60 minutes, a superior inquiry than, To what extent are SAT subject tests? would be What number of inquiries are on SAT subject tests? This is the place the appropriate response gets somewhat more muddled. What number of Questions Are On Each Subject Test? Subject # of inquiries Writing ~60 US History 90 World History 95 Math Level 12 50 Bio E/M 80 Science 85 Material science 75 French and German 85 (~85 with tuning in, 35% are tuning in) Spanish 85 (~85 with tuning in, 40% are tuning in Hebrew 85 Italian 80-85 Latin 70-75 Chinese with Listening 85 (33% are Listening) Japanese and Korean with Listening 80 (35% are tuning in) There is definitely not a tremendous measure of variety in the quantity of inquiries per SAT subject test time-the Literature test is the one that stands apart as having fundamentally less inquiries. Try not to expect this implies it's simpler, however! The Literature test includes close perusing of entries, which takes up a portion of your important an hour of test-taking. Since you realize what number of inquiries are on each test, how might you utilize this data to amplify your time the executives under these carefully planned conditions? Tips on Timing Time Yourself When You Prep As should be obvious in the above outline, practically the entirety of the tests have a greater number of inquiries than minutes. This implies you are required to go through not exactly a moment on each question. The most ideal approach to ace the material and immaculate your pacing is to rehearse under recreated planned conditions. Plunk down for precisely one hour with a training test, and don't give yourself additional time. Record how you do and check whether you can beat your score each time you practice. You'll in all likelihood consider improvement to be you get progressively acquainted with the test. Use Questions From Real Tests School Board offers valuable practice material here. You can find out about the substance of every individual test and practice with questions taken from genuine tests managed before. Utilizing high caliber, applicable prep materials is the best way to prepare successfully for the genuine article. Move Quickly and Efficiently The exacting planning of these tests permits no space for extensive thought or discussion. On the off chance that an inquiry totally stumps you, don't burn through important time on it. Imprint it, skip it, and return to it toward the end with open-minded perspectives, or basically to make a theory and fill in a letter on the air pocket sheet. You may luck out and get the point! In case you're skipping questions, leave a limited quantity of time toward the conclusion to return to them or fill in the air pocket sheet with surmises. Comprehend Your Ideal Testing Style Will stepping through three exams in a single morning invigorate or exhaust you? Will you have the option to concentrate on a few subjects at a time, or will exhaustion keep you from performing admirably? The subject tests start somewhere in the range of 8:30 and 9:00 in the first part of the day. You'll get a brief break between each test. A few understudies get an adrenaline surge bouncing starting with one subject test then onto the next. Others may experience difficulty changing gears between subjects. Once more, rehearsing under mimicked conditions may assist you with making sense of your testing style and whether you should step through a few subject exams on one date or space them out. Not exclusively will timing yourself help make the states of the genuine test, yet discovering companions and friends to rehearse with will likewise look like the experience of testing adjacent to other people. Speculating Strategies for SAT Subject Tests In contrast to the general SAT, for SAT Subject Tests you lose a small amount of a point for each question you answer inaccurately. Here's the means by which scoring works for Subject Tests (all the Subject Tests aside from the unknown dialect tests have five answer decisions. Unknown dialects tests have four answer decisions): You get 1 point for each right answer. A small amount of a point is deducted for wrong answers: 1/4 point is deducted for five-decision questions. 1/3 point is deducted for four-decision questions. 1/2 point is deducted for three-decision questions. No focuses are deducted for questions left clear. In the event that your last score is a small amount, it's adjusted to the closest entire number - 1/2 or more is gathered together; under 1/2 is adjusted down. I'm not catching this' meaning for you? An excessive number of irregular speculations could cut down your score, so you must be keen on when to figure on an inquiry (and hazard a point conclusion) and when to leave an inquiry clear (with no difference in hitting the nail on the head). Here are a few methodologies to follow: On the off chance that You Can't Eliminate Any Answer Choices In case you're truly puzzled on a different decision question and can't dispense with any of the choices, don’t surmise yet. Avoid the inquiry until further notice and come back to it after you've completed the remainder of the test. Imagine a scenario where you still can’t dispense with any answer decisions. At that point leave the inquiry clear. Don’t indiscriminately surmise without taking out any answers. Without wiping out any of your answer decisions, you have a high possibility of losing focuses by picking an inappropriate answer. Here's the math: on an inquiry with five answer decisions, you have a 20% possibility of choosing the correct answer by speculating aimlessly. On the off chance that you surmise on five inquiries, chances are you will get four inquiries off-base and one right, or zero focuses complete! This is the reason there is an off-base answer punishment on SAT Subject Tests it makes dazzle speculating inconsequential (actually). But since of how haphazardness functions, you may wind up speculating mistakenly on a bigger number of inquiries than expectedmbsp;leaving you with a net negative number of focuses. On the off chance that You Can Eliminate Only One Answer Choice It might bode well to figure here. Check off the appropriate response decision that you know is erroneous, and investigate the remainder of the appropriate response decisions to check whether you can limit your alternatives further. In this circumstance, you'll likely acquire focuses than you lose by speculating. On the off chance that you surmise arbitrarily on 16 inquiries where you can dispense with one answer decision for each (with five answer decisions to begin), you will increase a full point by and large (4 - (.25 x 12) = 1). It's not tremendous, yet contrasted and leaving every one of those inquiries clear and getting nothing, that’s a truly decent arrangement. Yet, recollect, this counsel expect simply irregular speculating, which is uncommon. A specific answer may be speaking to you for reasons unknown, so you will go for that decision as opposed to taking a genuinely irregular speculation. Test creators regularly attempt to make erroneous answers look additionally engaging so understudies are bound to get deceived and pick them. When considering these components, your possibility of speculating accurately in the wake of killing one answer decision is in reality under 25 percent. In the model above, if you somehow happened to get even three inquiries right instead of four and 13 wrong as opposed to 12 you would lose a fourth of a point (3 - (.25 x 13) = - 0.25). On the off chance that you do choose to figure in this circumstance, pick an answer however much aimlessly as could be expected, as opposed to getting buried in the wording of every decision. For instance, you may decide to consistently An on questions you're speculating on (except if that is the decision you've wiped out) to make your estimates as irregular as could reasonably be expected. In the event that You Can Eliminate Two or More Answer Choices Presently we’re talking! Indeed, even with the precarious wording of SAT questions, your odds of picking the right answer are sufficiently high here that it might be suitable to figure. Let's assume you have a lot of 15 inquiries where you surmise in the wake of wiping out two decisions (leaving you with three answer decisions for every inquiry). With arbitrary speculating, this gives you a net aggregate of 2.5 focuses (five inquiries right, 10 off base; 5 - (0.25 x 10) = 2.5). Regardless of whether you don’t do very that well and wind up getting one more inquiry off-base and one less right, that despite everything gives you 4 - (0.25 x ) = 1.25 focuses earned. Of the appropriate response decisions you have left in this situation,

Jumping Off Place Essay Sample free essay sample

Q 1: In what way will the development of Spain be not the same as U. S? In answering this request allude to compute 4-5. 4-6. 4-7. Autonomic sensory system: in the event that we think about the developments of United States and Spain. keeping up in position the hofstede’s measurements. following social contrasts were discovered: 1. Force separation: This viewpoint exchanges with reality that all people in social orders are non equivalent. It is characterized as: â€Å"The degree to which less ground-breaking individuals from foundation A ; association acknowledge that force is circulated unequally† Spain‘s hierarchal force separation is acknowledged. Though U. S have low force separation. Inside American organizations. bearing degrees are built up for comfort A ; higher-ups are ever available. The two chiefs and representatives shared data frequently. Correspondence is casual. immediate and participative. 2. Individuality:It is simply the tendency of individuals to care for themselves and their quick family unit only. Spain is collectivized each piece great as individualistic however the training is non forceful. We will compose a custom exposition test on Hopping Off Place Essay Sample or then again any comparative point explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page While U. S is very individualistic area. People groups take care of themselves and their family units. 3. Mascunist/feminist:Masculinity is a social component where predominant qualities are achievement. cash and things though feminity is social element in which he prevailing qualities are thinking about others and personal satisfaction. Spain is a women's activist society. They have faith in helping the down and out individuals. While joined areas is manly society. They are hired soldier and after progress and cash. 4. Vulnerability turning away:It is the degree to which the individuals feel undermined by erratic condition of affairss and have made convictions and foundations that attempt to evade these. Vulnerability dismissing is incredibly design in Spain. People groups have guidelines for everything. Any adjustment in the guideline makes accentuation the individuals. They are non daring individuals by any stretch of the imagination. While American culture is uncertainness confidence society. People groups are eager to take risk. Previously mentioned are the social contrasts between United States and Spain. Q2. In the event that the organization extends its activities to Italy. will its involvement with Spain be important for the organization or will the human advancement would be diverse to such an extent that the creator will hold to get down another in discovering how to go to social difficulties and possibilities. Clarify. Autonomic sensory system: on the off chance that we consider hofstede’s measurements so Spain and Italy are non extremely entirely different to one another. Force separation in Spain is satisfactory however in Italy it is normal. Dispersion of intensity legitimizes that upper degree have more powers when contrasted with lower degree and have more advantages. When contrasted with Spain. Italy is increasingly individualistic culture. It is â€Å"me centred† . Italy is a solid manly society while Spain is a women's activist society. Italy is a solid uncertainness dismissing society which implies that Italians are non comfortable in capricious situation. They abstain from taking risks. Same as Spain. they other than abstain from taking perils. Italy is the blend of maleness and high uncertainness dismissing which makes life extremely hard and frightening. In my notion. Italy and Spain have about natural progress esteems and contrasts. On the off chance that the worry works great in the Spain and the reaction is acceptable than the U. S Company must spread out its anxiety to Italy. As there is no much distinction in civic establishments of both the states. the work involvement with Spain will be significant for the organization as the organization would as of now the social qualities. likes and disgraces. purchasing conduct of shopper. difficulties and possibilities. These all things would help the organization for set uping a worry in Italy. The organization will execute better and will spread out its anxiety too much. Q3. In the event that the house ventures into France. will its old experience will be significant in helping the organization address social difficulties. Clarify. Ans: France human advancement is like Spain and Italy. Orchestrating to hofstede’s development power separation is low both in France and Spain as correlation with Italy. Independence is drilled in France at normal degree. While Italian rehearsed at high degree and Spaniards design at low degree. Vulnerability dismissing is high in France and other two organizations. Manliness is low in France and medium in Italy. The above line shows that there is no much contrast in the social qualities and difficulties of the states. In the event that the worry works great in Spain and Italy. it is foreseen that the organization would have great reaction from France too much. They don’t need to dissect new elements of human advancement. It would be them unreasonably. The organization is shrewd in light of the fact that it is be aftering to spread out in the equivalent social qualities so they would non face social contrasts that would do their anxiety to tumble down. So the prior involvement with Spain and Italy will positively be significant to the organization.

The TQM HR How Business Functions and Works Free Essays

string(40) zero deformities in items and services. In the course of recent decades, Total Quality Management (TQM) has become a business wide idea. One significant viewpoint regularly ignored is the connection among TQM and Human Resources (HR). Both of these perspectives assume a critical job in how ones business capacities and functions. We will compose a custom paper test on The TQM HR: How Business Functions and Works or on the other hand any comparative point just for you Request Now Despite the fact that they are both similarly perceived as key segments of any thriving profitable business, there is constrained momentum inquire about that examines the connection between the two. The motivation behind this examination is to introduce the present information regarding the matter just as offer new data that may assist business with utilizing these parts of their organizations all the more viably. As is unavoidable for any thought that appreciates wide fame in administrative and academic circles, all out quality administration has come to mean various things to various individuals. There is presently such a decent variety of things done under the name â€Å"total quality† that it has become indistinct whether TQM still has a recognizable applied center, in the event that it could possibly do. We start with a nearby assessment of what the movement’s authors needed to state about what TQM should be, and afterward we survey how TQM as at present rehearsed piles facing the originators) qualities and solutions. (Hackman Wageman, 1995) Basically everything that has been expounded on TQM unequivocally draws on crafted by W. Edwards Deming, Joseph Juran, and Kaoru Ishikawa, the essential specialists of the TQM development. As opposed to examining the exact composition, this examination just draws on the principle ideas introduced by them. TQM has become something of a social development in the United States. Hackman Wageman (1995) distinguish various holes in what is thought about TQM procedures and results and investigate the harmoniousness between TQM rehearses and conduct science information about inspiration, learning, and change in social frameworks. It has now been 10 years since the center thoughts of TQM set out by W. Edwards Deming, Joseph Juran, and Kaoru Ishikawa increased noteworthy acknowledgment in the U. S. the board network. In that decade, TQM has become something of a social development. It has spread from its modern birthplaces to social insurance associations, open administrations, not-for-profit associations, and instructive establishments. There are specific suppositions set up in regards to TQM. The main supposition that is about quality, which is thought to be less exorbitant to an association than is poor workmanship. A central reason of TQM is that the expenses of low quality, (for example, examination, revise, lost clients, etc) are far more prominent than the expenses of creating forms that produce top notch items and administrations. In spite of the fact that the hierarchical purposes upheld by the TQM specialists don't unequivocally address conventional monetary and bookkeeping standards of authoritative viability, their view is that associations that produce quality merchandise will in the long run improve even on customary estimates, for example, benefit than will associations that endeavor to minimize expenses by trading off quality. The solid adaptation of this supposition, verifiable in Juran and Ishikawa however express and conspicuous in Deming’s composing, is that delivering quality items and administrations isn't simply less exorbitant at the same time, truth be told, is significant to long haul authoritative endurance. (Hackman Wageman, 1995) The subsequent supposition that is about individuals. Representatives normally care about the nature of work they do and will take activities to improve itâ€so long as they are furnished with the devices and preparing that are required for quality improvement, and the board focuses on their thoughts. As expressed by Juran (1974: 4. 54), â€Å"The individual displays an instinctual drive for exactness, magnificence, and flawlessness. At the point when excessive by financial matters, this drive has made the workmanship fortunes of the ages. † Deming and Ishikawa include that an association must expel trouble hierarchical frameworks that make fearâ€such as discipline for lackluster showing, examination frameworks that include the relative assessment of representatives, and legitimacy pay. The third supposition that will be that associations are frameworks of reliant parts, and the focal issues they face constantly cross-conventional useful lines. To deliver great items effectively, for instance, item architects must address producing difficulties and exchange offs as a major aspect of the structure procedure. Deming and Juran are obstinate that cross-utilitarian issues must be tended to on the whole by delegates of every single applicable capacity (Juran, 1969: 80-85; Deming, 1993: 50-93). Ishikawa, paradoxically, is considerably less framework situated: He expresses that cross-utilitarian groups ought not set by and large bearings; rather, each line division should set its own objectives utilizing nearby target setting techniques. (Hackman Wageman, 1995) The last suspicion concerns senior administration. Quality is seen as at last and unpreventably the duty of top administration. Since ranking directors make the authoritative frameworks that decide how items and administrations are structured and delivered, the quality-improvement process must start with management’s own responsibility to add up to quality. Employees’ work viability is seen as an immediate capacity of the nature of the frameworks that administrators make. A few authors have stated that TQM gives a verifiably one of a kind way to deal with improving authoritative adequacy, one that has a strong reasonable establishment and, simultaneously, offers a procedure for improving execution that assesses how individuals and associations really work. In the mid 1980s, another idea entered administrative talk: Total Quality Management (TQM). Later called â€Å"Total Quality† (TQ), TQM was proclaimed by governments, significant organizations and the business media as the best and rich way out of the monetary emergency and into the worldwide market. It ought to be noted, notwithstanding, that the distraction with quality is in no way, shape or form new. During the 1980s, TQM turned into an item in itself, about a billion-dollar industry (Giroux Landry, 1998). HR has been viewed as an ineffectual business part by certain scientists, one in which just gave reason the ordinary desk work and representative relations (Jones, 1996). Globalization in the business theater is driving organizations toward another perspective on quality as an essential apparatus to contend effectively in overall markets. An immediate result of this new accentuation is the way of thinking of TQM. Basically, TQM is a broad point of view that makes progress toward consumer loyalty by looking for zero imperfections in items and administrations. You read The TQM HR: How Business Functions and Works in class Exposition models (Clinton, Williamson Bethke, 1994) TQM is an enveloping administration approach whose important principles are to fulfill (inner and outside) client needs through procedures of representative strengthening and execution estimation. Client needs are tended to through the multi-faceted idea of quality,’ which incorporates such components as execution, conformance, precision, unwavering quality, and practicality. In numerous occurrences, these components are quantifiable and, subsequently, subject to assessment, appraisal, and nonstop improvement. Worker strengthening is utilized in light of the fact that it permits representatives to address client issues in an auspicious and regularly custom-made way (Berman West, 1995) A typical issue with the usage of efficiency improvement developments, for example, TQM is that numerous associations actualize them at a token level instead of completely subscribing to progress (Downs and Mohr, 1980; Miller, 1993). Token execution, or offering empty talk, happens on the grounds that associations and people get acknowledgment and different advantages from being or seeming, by all accounts, to be in accordance with current reasoning, while at the same time maintaining a strategic distance from the dangers of real development. Such conduct is strengthened by impression of small prizes for progress or frequently serious, correctional results of disappointment. Token execution likewise happens as the aftereffect of an imperfect usage plan, deficient duty, and finish by those commanding the usage of advancement, an absence of preparing in applying the development, incongruent authoritative approaches, and different elements (Radin and Coffee, 1993). TQM gives a change in outlook in the executives reasoning for improving authoritative adequacy. TQM centers the endeavors of all individuals from the association to consistently improve every authoritative procedure and increment incentive to clients, while depending upon an away from of the organization’s reason. This relies upon the evacuation of boundaries both inside the association and between the association and its different partners. TQM has been grasped by a large number of associations as a significant, way to deal with the executives. The key explanation HR was not viable in the past was the structure, which was various leveled and useful. Another obstruction to human asset adequacy is the absence of community associations with the specialty units. HR had generally overseen from a place of control, so there was hot a genuine feeling of organization with the units. Human asset procedure and arranging has changed and developed essentially during the most recent 25 years. We can follow these advancements from utilitarian procedures during the 1980s to abilities systems during the 1990s to results techniques today. Key moves in HR reflect the business and work economic situations of the occasions and follow compelling forward leaps in business thinking, from the 7-S model to contending on center abilities to the present ascent of working models and execution. Longer-term changes in the business relationship, from social to transa

Definition Essay Writing

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New Economics Consultant Charged With Analyze The Various...

I’ve been hired by cities mayor and am now the newest economics consultant charged with analyze the various local businesses market structures. This city has numerous businesses which leads to many different market structures. There are large factories or plants, almost every chain fast food restaurant, nicer sit down restaurants, mom and pop shops, along with our share of Wal-Mart’s and other larger all in one stores, and we also have the city ran utilities. This town is competitive and thriving with a strong economical foundation fueled by a good sized population to keep many businesses from having to look too far for employees. New businesses have opened recently and are thriving. With keeping a good mix of market structures the economy will continue to grow. Multiple market structures will help to create a thriving economy, although they are all different, they provide income to the city in way of taxes, employment to our citizens, and understanding how each o perates and prices their goods can help this city prepare for its financial future. We will need to analyze each market separately to show the differences and the similarities so as to understand their effects on the community and whether they allow room for entry and exit of new firms in order to grow our city economically. There are four market structures that I will provide analysis on. Perfect competition is a market structure in which there any many sellers and many buyers where not one firm (business)Show MoreRelatedMarketing Plan for Lords Ice Cream Parlour5099 Words   |  21 PagesJohns Wood with a good market share is one of the best in that area providing ice cream with fresh taste and modern packaging. 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The Triumph Of The Nerds - 938 Words

Is it selfishness or a devotion to make the world a better place that is driving computer innovations? For a short while, Imagine that you just have a unique tool with you, which no one in this world possesses. This tool is specified that it can change the situation of the whole world and mankind forever. If somebody asks you that, what you are going to do with this tool? Can you share this with others? Or will you retain it with you. So that you’ll build billions out of it! Isn’t it fascinating? Depending on one’s inclination and angle he could select either of those. Somebody can munificently share it with others so as to serve and facilitate whereas others entangled in their greediness could build cash out of it! The Triumph of the Nerds is one in every of the foremost necessary chapters in human history. It has affected the daily life of an individual’s today†¦and clearly, for the years and centuries to come. The existence of the individuals has been transformed at the speed of an avalanche. It created a new dimension to discover and to explore. It leads our lives in another portal of world. History is filled with examples where individuals interchanged their views and what they thought of. With their temperament to share the vision and a deep want to improve and alter the surrounding has created them the captains of the contemporary information technology. Current technology owes its success to those nerds. Ed Roberts the primary person to form computer designed itShow MoreRelatedEssay on Triumph of The Nerds859 Words   |  4 Pagesdigital competition between the computer giants historically affected the economy of the world wide industry. The inception of an innovation, aimed at proliferating the productivity of the contemporary technology on a global scale, encouraged the nerds to establish digital empires that continue to thrive today. 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Resistance to Change in Organizations Essay Sample free essay sample

It’s non the strongest of the species that survives. nor the most intelligent. but the one most antiphonal to alter. ~ Charles Darwin Organizational alterations are alterations that are made in the overall model of a company. such as restructuring in sections. alterations in policies. or alterations in civilization. It straight affects all sections. from the entry degree employee to direction. Any concern in today’s fast-moving environment that is looking for the gait of alteration to decelerate is likely to be sorely defeated. In fact. concerns should encompass alteration. Change is of import for any organisation because. without alteration. concerns would probably lose their competitory border and neglect to run into the demands of loyal clients. However. employees and even organisations as a whole. be given to defy alter some clip or the other. Since alteration is an indispensable portion of the development of the organisation. directors must be cognizant of the caus es of this opposition and hence implement the appropriate techniques to get the better of this. whether it be on an organisational degree or an single degree. Self involvement ; losing something of value is possibly something anyone will defy. Employees typically resist any sort of alteration they believe will do them. to weave up losing personally even if it is for the greater good. They either stand to lose wage. power or prestigiousness. Everyone wants to cognize how the alteration will impact them personally. They besides resist alteration to set themselves at easiness and avoid taking a hazard. They fool themselves into believing everything will all work out someday by itself merely so they would non hold to travel through the procedure of alteration. Additionally. other employees resist alteration for grounds such as inflexibleness and uncertainness. They will non digest alteration. because they have a vested involvement in keeping the position quo. It does non count how pellucid the benefits of alteration will be to the organisation. Besides. if employees lack proper information about the hereafter of the organisation and about future events that will take to important alteration. they will go fearful of the unknown and of course resist alteration. Uncertainty threatens those employees who have a low tolerance for alteration and those who fear anything that is non everyday. They do non cognize how they will be affected by the alteration. They are concerned about whether they will mensurate up to the new procedure. or if they are equipped to manage the new engineering in the mode required of them. Not cognizing what might go on. frequently leads to rise anxiousness and defying alteration is one of the anxiety- cut downing actions they employ. Furthermore. employees become distrustful of management’s purposes in implementing programmes that will take to alter. They may hold had old experience with directors who attempted and failed in transporting out exercisings in implementing alteration in a peculiar section. The employees view these weak efforts as failure and as a consequence. have a negative mentality on forms they can non swear. They therefore resist alteration that resembles past experiences that involves directors whom they could non swear. Besides. other employees resist alteration because they are afraid to go forth their comfort zones and travel after what they truly want. It would coerce them to str etch their comfort to suit the new methods involved. In fact people find it natural to set things off that scare them. and hedge the ends. that require them to step out of their comfort zones and take a hazard. They resist go forthing their comfort zones. even though going would intend certain upward mobility for them. For illustration. an employee is offered a publicity in another section but with this publicity. he now has to alter his uniform. his on the job hours. his location every bit good as his carbon monoxide workers. Alternatively of encompassing alteration and accepting his new duties. he preferred to remain at his current location. with his â€Å"friends† and all that he soon has. merely so he would non hold to do the forfeit to travel out of his manner to alter so many customary patterns in his life. Aside from single opposition. organisations as a whole besides resist alterations. Some organisations are so designed that they resist new thoughts. The major grounds for this type of opposition are: menace to power ; u pper direction considers change a menace to their power. authorization and place. They fear that new policies imposed for case by the authorities. may ensue in them losing their position. Besides executions such as participative determination devising and self managed work squads affect their intent. Additionally. companies resist alteration in their organisational construction. Particularly bureaucratic constructions where occupations are narrowly defined and flow of information is stressed to from top to bottom. This is normally because alteration in one portion of these constructions cant go on without doing break in all degrees. Other popular grounds to defy alteration are resource restraints and sunk costs. If employees do accept alteration. organisations must hold the resources to suit the new alterations. For illustration if preparation agents are hired. the company needs to hold sufficient fiscal resources to pay them and besides pay their employees. If they are non equipped with adequate resources. they will defy alteration. Besides. it creates a job for top direction because a batch of capital would hold already been invested in fixed assets and preparation for employees for their current occupations. Therefore. It would wholly travel to blow if alteration is implemented. so once more the organisation resists alteration. Change in the organisation is really of import because alteration can and does impact the organisation at different degrees and in different ways. However. get the better ofing opposition to alter is non a simple and consecutive forward procedure. Get the better ofing opposition. trials managers’ interpersonal accomplishments. since it requires them to use a assortment of techniques to comfort the frights and bolster the assurance of employees. There are several ways in which this can be achieved. Engagement and engagement ; employees need to be involved in the determination devising procedure. It is non likely they will defy a alteration which they were portion of make up ones minding. It is of import to acquire all sentiments and expostulations out in the unfastened so that direction can unclutter up any misinterpretations and take uncertainty from their head. Management’s end should be deriving cooperation at this point so as to increase organisational committedness and hence get the better ofing opposition to alter. Many times. the job stems from hapless communicating. Inaccurate information is passed through the organisation doing employees to misconstrue. The grounds for alteration must be communicated clearly and without ambiguity. Effective communicating can assist unclutter up fright of unknown elements. An constituted form of communicating should besides be established so that directors can direct out information straight to their workers and they can acquire feedback in a timely mode. This would assist carry employees to accept and understand alterations. However. if employees are inexorable with defying. direction can prosecute in dialogue and understanding where the cost and benefit must be balanced for the benefit of all parties. If this method fails. directors can fall back to use of information where direction turns and distorts the facts to do them look more attractive. keep backing negative information and fabrication false rumor to acquire employees to accept alteration. This nevertheless. may non be considered ethical. As a last resort. directors may fall back to coercion. which may be in the signifier of menaces affecting loss of occupations and withholding of publicities. Employment of this maneuver is neer a pleasant procedure and normally produces consequences which are desirable neither by direction nor employees. In decision. alteration in its many manifestations is inevitable. but can be resolved in many ways. if directors make usage of proper executing of their maps of planning. taking. forming and commanding to efficaciously pull off opposition to alter in the organisational construction. All organisations suffer from inactiveness to some grade at some clip or another when they try to keep the position quo. Change nevertheless. requires attempt and sometimes it requires considerable attempt. Employees and organisations. who are most immune to alter. be given to be those who are long-serving employees and good established organisations who h ave a batch of experience and customary patterns. It is hence in management’s involvement to help these employees and all others in get the better ofing their fright of alteration. Bibliography * hypertext transfer protocol: //www. entrepreneurshipinabox. com/223/factors-that-causes-resistance-to-organizational-change/ * hypertext transfer protocol: //ezinearticles. com/ ? Strategies-For-Overcoming-Resistance-To-Organizational-Change A ; id=866833 * hypertext transfer protocol: //www. mbaknol. com/management-concepts/causes-of-resistance-to-organizational-change/ * hypertext transfer protocol: //www. mbaknol. com/management-concepts/ways-to-overcome-resistance-to-organizational-change/

The Crucible- What Does Arthur Miller Suggest Are the Dangers Inherent in a Dualistic Universe free essay sample

Arthur Miller suggests several different dangers inherent in a dualistic view of the universe in his play, The Crucible. He firstly presents those that strongly follow Evangelical Christianity, and cannot admit their mistakes, but only blame others for their problems. In comparison, he then illustrates to the reader those that have a more realistic view of Christianity, realizing their sins, and standing up for what they believe is moral. By dividing the two conflicting aspects of the world, Miller demonstrates the many potential dangers in the village, which in the final stages come together to create one of the deadliest clashes for an untainted religion. Set in Salem, Massachusetts, 1692, Miller presents one of The Crucible’s complications, the dualistic ideology, as a conflicting problem amongst the people. The Puritan town, always remaining in the light of God, are very religious, attending church every day, reading only from the bible, and forbidding anything resembling a theatre or ‘vain enjoyment’. We will write a custom essay sample on The Crucible- What Does Arthur Miller Suggest Are the Dangers Inherent in a Dualistic Universe or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page It may seem that there is nothing harmful about a religious community, though within Salem people are constantly judging one another on how religiously pure they are, which causes the initial tensions. So when some teenage girls get up to mischief, and bring the devil’s presence into the situation, people begin accusing each other of who they believe are not as pure as them. They even begin to accuse those they wish to get revenge upon, of siding with Satan, creating potential dangers in the town. Before long, Miller has divided Salem into two dualistic views: those who, as good Christians should, are more realistic about the presence of the devil in their community, and those who have been misled into believing Satan is ‘loose in Salem’, and who accuse their enemies of siding with the devil. Miller suggests that those who have a black and white view of the universe are the accusers in Salem, and are the cause for many of the dangers evident in this town. Thomas Putnam, who regards himself as an ‘intellectual superior, accuses others in spite of his faults, and puts their lives in danger. When the word of the devil is spoken, Putnam and his wife take the opportunity to accuse Rebecca Nurse for the deliberate deaths of seven of their babies. Of course, it can be seen that in 1692 it was quite common for women to have miscarriages, though they were led to believe the devil must have had something to do with it. This accusation puts Rebecca Nurse’s life in danger, as well as jeopardizing the respect she holds within the community. Miller foreshadows the danger Rebecca Nurse finds herself in through Mrs. Putman, when she says critically to Rebecca Nurse, ‘You think it’s God’s work you should never lose a child, nor grandchild either, and I bury all but one? ’ Goody Putnam’s words create the initial accusation against Rebecca Nurse that in the end, take her life. Likewise, Samuel Parris, the reverend in Salem, who is always putting in ‘his best efforts to win the people and God to his side’, is also misled into believing that the devil is loose in the village. A good example of this is when Mr. Parris sides with Abigail, his foolish niece, in believing that Betty has had a spell conjured on her by Tituba, one of the individualists in the town. He does this as a protection for his daughter, Betty Parris, and to avoid personal judgement. Due to his black and white view of the universe, he is misled into lying to withhold his safety, and in place, puts innocent Tituba’s life at risk. Both Putnam’s and Parris’s Evangelical view of the universe cause them to wrongly accuse other people, putting innocent villagers’ lives at risk. Miller suggests that those who refuse to uphold a dualistic view of the universe and speak their mind in Salem put themselves in danger. Reverend Hale is the only superior in Salem that fights to defend the people wrongly accused of witchcraft. Not siding with those that are accusing others, he puts his job and, therefore, his authority in danger. Miller demonstrates the danger Hale puts himself in when he begins to not only doubt Danforth’s judgement but also ignore his orders when he says, ‘I am a minister of the Lord, and I dare not take a life without there be proof so immaculate no slightest qualm of conscience may doubt it’. By refusing to sign any more death warrants for Danforth, Hale puts the importance of his position at stake, and loses much of his power in the courtroom. Just as Hale refuses to contain speaking his mind, John Proctor, a farmer in his thirties, denies conjuring witchcraft. John, being innocent, cannot imagine living life with his dignity erased, making the tough decision to be separated from his family. One who, like Proctor, refuses to confess to witch craft is the frail nurturer of Salem, Rebecca Nurse, who is faithful to her conscience, even after being accused of intentionally killing seven of the Putnams’ children. As goody Proctor says to Hale, ‘you will never believe, I hope, that Rebecca trafficked with the devil’. This shows how the town views her as a kind of a saint, yet due to the corruption of others, she is accused of siding with the devil, her life in jeopardy. Both Hale, Proctor, and Rebecca Nurse’s inability to uphold a dualistic ideology puts them in grave danger from those who continue to believe the devil is roaming Salem. When living in a dualistic universe many dangers are inherent for those fighting for what they believe in. Through characters and events Miller conveys these dangers, and demonstrates what can happen when you speak your mind. Putnam, Parris, Hale, Proctor, and Rebecca Nurse all stubbornly stuck to their beliefs, and put others lives and their own in danger.

Succeeding as an African Student at Michigan Tech and Beyond Essays

Succeeding as an African Student at Michigan Tech and Beyond Essays Succeeding as an African Student at Michigan Tech and Beyond The African student organization hosted a panel discussion with professors, graduate, and undergraduate students, which I attended and really liked. The event was entitled Succeeding as an African Student at Michigan Tech and Beyond and occurred on October 10th, in Fisher 104. African students were invited to share and get information regarding the African experience throughout higher education in the United States. The panelists sat in front of the room and started by sharing their stories. They told the audience where they had been (in terms of schools), what difficulties they encountered in adapting, staying motivated, and culture shock. Afterwards, graduate students and professors proceeded to explain strategies to go about graduate school, such as being close to adviser, avoiding to get involved in conflicts inside the department, working as hard as possible because Africans may not be judged on same standards, taking care of documents to remain lawfully in the country, etc. Finally, they started to answers the audiences questions in debate-like fashion. The event was highly productive and informative, but it was the less formal tone, which made it a special event. Since all of the people present were African there was a sense familiarity, which broke any ice standing in the way. Everybody seemed confortable and asked innumerous questions leading to an extension of the event, which ended around 45 minutes past its expected time. The down side was that even though a significant number of students were there, it could have benefited more people had they attended. It may have a been a matter of under advertising or simply a matter of lack interest by the general African student community, but the event had the potential to enrich many more peoples academic and social experience in the U.S. Also, it could have been slightly longer since the discussions were so highly beneficial.

Annoted Bibliography on STIs Literature review Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Annoted Bibliography on STIs - Literature review Example In this important countrywide rule document, sexual health remains termed as one of six vital considerations, and the HDA prove summarizations chosen like the origin of data on efficient interventions. During 2005, DH compiled the action arrangement Delivering selecting health, which fixes vital aims around STIs, rolling out Chlamydia screening and access to genitourinary medicine (GUM) clinics inside 48 hours. During 2005, the HDA merged with the National Institute for Clinical Excellence (NICE), to make the current National Institute of Health and Clinical Excellence and maintained the short form NICE (Masters, 2013:194). The latest institution progresses with the dedication to construct on the proof foundation in public health. In the process of the State’s progressive dedication to sexual health and HIV, and the need to base STI control in precise proof, it remained seen important to review the 2004 Evidence Briefing to make sure that the major current update stage proof r emains accessible for arranging services and increasing the sexual health of the people. NICE proof briefings account on reviews of reviews, rarely termed to as tertiary stage study. They constitute contextual descriptions of the advantages and disadvantages of the proof from reviews, spotting of loopholes in the proof, a breakdown of forthcoming major and minor study requirements, and a debate of the effects of the proof for rule and practice (Peate, 2010:6). Summary Article 1: Policy During 2001, the DH authored the initial National Strategy for Sexual Health and HIV. This established five major purposes, together with minimizing the spread of STIs with a countrywide objective of a 25% minimization in lately gonorrhea diseases by 2007, thus lowering dominance of undiagnosed STIs and lowering disgrace related with STIs. In addition, after this, the white paper Choosing Health: making healthy choices easier, constituted sexual wellbeing as one of its main privileges. This has motiva ted a re-energized dedication to deal with sexual disease health, and extra materials have remained offered for acting as such. In the doing arrangement, the State stipulated its goals to increase sexual health services in a latest $300m schedule for the coming three years (Carroll, 2004:340). Article 2: Epidemiology The examination of STIs depends on GUM clinicians accounting for increased figures of chosen states by gender and age, and for a few states, if matters in men are heterosexual of from intercourse between men. These remain delivered quarterly on KC60 forms. Whereas there exists disadvantages of the scheme, it is a precise origin of information on behaviors. Further contextual data remains looked for from extra studies, like the Gonococcal Resistance to Antimicrobials Surveillance Programme (GRASP) study to examine objection to gonorrhea cure and facilitated examination of occurrences of before exceptional diseases like syphilis and lymphogranuloma Venereum (LGV). There a re recently two current vaccines under review, both of which focus to cover versus the two mini-kinds that lead to warts. Detectives of genital warts rose by 3.1% between 2005 and 2006. During 2005, 50% of detectives remained in heterosexual men, 47% in females, and 3% in men who have intercourse with men (MSM)

Evolution of Biology Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Evolution of Biology - Research Paper Example On the basis of the FGF amino acid sequences found in the metazoan lineages, it has been exhibited that the evolutionary scenarios in the metazoan lineages are associated with the FGF gene content. Two hypotheses have been proposed on the basis of the evolutionary progression in the metazoan lineage. The first hypothesis states that the eight FGF subfamilies are chordae-specific and the second hypothesis states that the eight subfamilies were ancestral to all eumetazoans. The study results showed that the chordates possessed two gene copies of the FGF gene and duplications occurred generating the current diversity. The metazoan lineage, on the other hand, exhibits high degree of gene losses during their evolution. Therefore, a total of eight gene families were present in the eumetazoan ancestors, out of which there were six gene losses in cnidarians, five in ambulacrarians and five in protostomes. For phylogenetic analysis of vertebrae FGFs, the amino acids were aligned and maximum likelihood tree was built. For the nonvertebrae FGF phylogenetic analyses, the obtained FGF sequences were aligned with the already known FGF sequences from the metazoan lineages. Maximum likelihood tree for this group was also generated. The methodology focuses on comparing the FGF subfamilies from the vertebrae and non-vertebrae groups to understand the genetic evolutionary process. The approach of the methods used by the research was focused on supporting the hypothesis and different sequences were compared so that an understanding of the variations in the genetics of FGF family could be compared. The data is exhibited through easy to understand diagrams and chromosomal maps. For exhibiting the evolutionary progression of the FGF family the comparison of the amino acid sequences is crucial so that the duplications or losses could be understood. The hypothesis is supported successfully by the results of the data which represents that the FGF

Critics of consequentialism Essay Example for Free

Critics of consequentialism Essay The paper discusses moral consequentialism and evaluates its criticisms. Critics of consequentialism argue that the latter doctrine requires us, under certain conditions, to do what seems intuitively to be the morally wrong act. The nature of this criticism originates from the widely accepted vision of consequentialism as too permissive and too demanding. The detailed analysis of the philosophic and moral assumptions renders a conclusion that both the permissiveness and demandingness of moral consequentialism are easy to argue and even deny. Whether moral consequentialism requires individuals to do what seems to be the morally wrong act depends on how they interpret these acts and in what conditions these acts are to take place. Briefly, this paper turns moral consequentialism into a conjunction of highly relative and subjective norms/ standards which change their meaning and leave no room for objective judgments. Keywords: moral consequentialism, permissiveness, demandingness, moral, philosophy. Moral Consequentialism Throughout its history, philosophy was always centered on the two major sides of the moral argument: deontological and utilitarian. Most of the time, philosophers found themselves torn between the need to follow the basic rules of the moral conduct and the need to achieve the greatest good for the greatest number of people. Today, deontology and utilitarianism/ consequentialism represent the two distinct lines of philosophic thinking and create a vision of continuous philosophic disintegration. Moral consequentialism is, probably, the major topic of the philosophic discussion and the principal object of philosophic criticism. Critics of consequentialism argue that the latter doctrine requires us, under certain conditions, to do what seems intuitively to be the morally wrong act. This criticism grows from the two most important philosophic assumptions about the permissiveness and excessive (almost extremist) demandingness of moral consequentialism. However, the detailed analysis of these arguments renders a conclusion that both assumptions are easy to deny: as a result, whether moral consequentialism requires individuals to perform acts that are intuitively wrong depends on how they themselves judge their actions and conditions in which these actions take place. Moral Consequentialism: A Flawed Theory of the Greatest Good Moral consequentialism argues that the need to promote the greatest good for the greatest number of people is the only moral factor that counts in the decisions, which individuals will take for or against particular acts (Kagan, 1998). The consequences of each particular action serve the basic criterion for judging its moral appropriateness. Contrary to deontology, which promotes and emphasizes the importance of rules and norms/ standards an individual is to follow, consequentialism seems to disregard these rules and sacrifices them for the sake of consequences. For this reason, moral consequentialism often becomes the primary object of philosophic criticism. Despite the relevance and importance of moral consequentialism in philosophy, its principles and assumptions are not without their flaws. More often than not, moral consequentialism is being criticized for the lack of adequate moral reasoning and the growing relativity of moral norms and standards, which individuals use to achieve the greatest good for the greatest number of people. McLean and Ellrod (1992) argue that â€Å"consequentialism is hardly a workable form of practical reasoning and calls into question the moral significance of its results† (p. 171). The problem with consequentialism is in that the need to promote the greatest good for the greatest number of people by all possible means fails to do full justice to the personal character of the moral duty (McLean Ellrod, 1992). Consequentialism often makes no difference who is to produce the maximum good and who is to become its beneficiary, while this difference is increasingly important and must count in any kind of moral judgments (McLean Ellrod, 1992). In this sense, consequentialism seems to operate in the atmosphere of the misplaced emphases and distorted views regarding morality, because morality is inherently personal and must focus on one’s moral identity. Consequentialism, however, denies the relevance of personal morality against the importance of the public good. The second problem with consequentialism is its functionality and its ability to lead individuals to the best moral conclusions. That consequentialism makes it difficult to arrive to objectively practical judgments is often considered as one of its major flaws (McLean Ellrod, 1992). Here, the two basic problems become obvious. First, the growing relativity of the moral norms and standards deny us an opportunity to judge what the maximum good for the greatest majority is and how we are to achieve it. Second, this very relativity of norms creates a number of conflicts in the process of choosing between several permissible alternatives: whether individuals are to choose the greatest good or the least evil is another point of philosophic argument (McLead Ellrod, 1992). However, even if these flaws are important and deserve attention, they only shape the basis for the profound philosophic analysis of consequentialism and its philosophic criticisms. Critics of consequentialism argue that the latter doctrine requires us, under certain conditions, to do what seems intuitively to be the morally wrong act. In this sense, two essential elements of moral consequentialism require attention: its overall permissiveness and moral demandingness. Critics of moral consequentialism claim the latter doctrine to be too permissive with regard to the acts and judgments individuals can make to achieve the greatest good for the greatest number of people. Others are confident that moral consequentialism imposes extreme (and even extremist) moral requirements on people, and they have but to comply with these requirements to maximize good for the greatest number of people. Moral consequentialism implies that individuals will have to overstep their moral convictions and perform acts that are intuitively wrong. The following sections analyze these two assumptions in more detail. Moral Consequentialism: Permissiveness and the Subjectivity of Judgments Critics of moral consequentialism claim that the latter doctrine may require individuals to do what seems the intuitively immoral act. In other words, moral consequentialism provides individuals with the absolute freedom to choose between acts which, although morally inacceptable, still lead them to achieve or to maximize the public good. â€Å"Because moral consequentialism accepts an inappropriately short list of normative factors, it permits acts that are not in fact morally permissible. [†¦] In short, consequentialism permits too much† (Kagan, 1984). For example, individuals may choose between killing a person and letting a person die simply because a murder or a death will save the lives of ten other people. Always immoral and intuitively wrong, the act of murder here is an excellent example of the permissiveness which moral consequentialism promotes and defends. To make the case more comprehensible, it is interesting to refer to the case of Chuck which Kagan (1998) describes in his book Normative Ethics. Kagan (1998) describes the case of the five patients, each of whom faces equal chances to die unless he can timely obtain an organ transplant. According to Kagan (1998), one patient needs a heart, two other patients need kidneys, one patient needs new lungs, and the fifth patient is in need for a new liver. Because of medical problems and because their tissues are incompatible, these five patients can hardly become donors for each other (Kagan, 1998). Yet, there is Chuck, a young man who comes to the hospital for a regular medical observation and has all organs necessary for the five patients to survive (Kagan, 1998). A surgeon thus faces a dilemma: to kill Chuck and to use his organs or to leave Chuck alive and to let the five patients die. This is the case which emphasizes the inherent permissiveness of moral consequentialism. Moral consequentialism justifies the decision to kill Chuck for the sake of saving the lives of the five patients. In case of killing Chuck, the surgeon will, most likely, achieve the maximum good for the greatest number of people: one does not need sophisticated knowledge of mathematics to understand that five lives are more than one. Regardless of the immoral character of murder, the holy goal of saving five lives will overweigh the terrible act of murdering one single person. This is where consequentialism justifies an act which seems to be intuitively wrong but which, nevertheless, helps individuals to achieve the maximum benefit for the greatest number of people. The question is, however, in whether moral consequentialism is always permissible and morally blind and whether the assumption about the moral permissiveness of consequentialism is always objective and justified. It appears that whenever individuals engage in activities that seem intuitively wrong but help them to achieve the maximum good for the greatest number of people, all they need is to reconsider and reframe the conditions in which these actions take place, to make them meet the basic requirements of morality. For example, the surgeon may find out that all Chuck’s organs are perfectly healthy and fit all five patients – in this way, he will meet the maximum benefit requirement (Kagan, 1998). The surgeon may kill Chuck secretly, to make his death look like the result of medical complications – in this way, he will avoid difficulties associated with the fact of murder (Kagan, 1998). Finally, the surgeon may pretend that the results of Chuck’s routine medical examination require immediate surgical intervention and that the life of Chuck is under threat – Chuck’s murder will thus look like a moral obligation the surgeon had to fulfill to save Chuck from physical suffering. If that is the case, the surgeon’s decision to kill Chuck will no longer seem intuitively wrong, and moral consequentialism will no longer look too permissive. The question is in whether it is worth killing one healthy person to save the lives of the five patients who, due to their health condition, will still die very soon. What are the chances that the value of their five lives will overweigh the value of Chuck’s life? These are the questions which one can answer only in particular circumstances and conditions. As a result, whether moral consequentialism requires that individuals perform acts that seem to be morally wrong depends on how they themselves judge their actions and in what particular conditions these actions take place. Moral Consequentialism, Demandingness, and the Value of Denial Critics argue that in particular conditions, moral consequentialism requires that individuals perform acts which seem to be morally wrong. This criticism originates from the assumption that moral consequentialism is inherently demanding and imposes too many moral obligations on individuals, even if the former go against the basic moral principles and individual convictions. Actually, moral demandingness of consequentialism is the notorious topic of discussion. Critics of consequentialism assume that moral consequentialism obligates people to make sacrifices that go beyond the limits of commonsense morality (Baier, 1958). For example, societies tend to believe that rich and better off society members are morally obliged to give up a share of their wealth to support those in need. Others are confident that, under the influence of consequentialism, individuals must make the largest possible contribution to the overall good regardless of the sacrifice such a contribution may incur (Kagan, 1984). Kagan (1984) even claims that â€Å"there is no limit to the sacrifices that morality can require; and agents are never permitted to favor their own interests at the expense of the greater good† (p. 239). Mulgan (2001) calls these claims as extremist and admits that at times the overall demandingness of moral consequentialism will make individuals perform acts that seem morally wrong. In his book The Demands of Consequentialism, Tim Mulgan (2001) provides a short tale: Clare, Amy, and Bob are sitting in the living room when a space alien enters their apartment in the striving to devour Clare (p. 154). The only way the company can save Clare from the tragedy is to cut away Amy’s arm and to throw it into the alien (Mulgan, 2001). The act will distract the alien and will give Clare more time to escape; meanwhile, Bob will find his weapons and will vaporize the newcomer (Mulgan, 2001). For Amy, who is to sacrifice her arm to save the lives of her friends, the decision will, naturally, seem inacceptable and intuitively wrong. However, because this is the only way for her to save the life of Clare and to achieve the greatest good for the greatest number of people, Amy will be pressured by the moral requirement to sacrifice her arm. The moral unacceptability of the decision to chop off Amy’s arm will become even more obvious in case Bob is the one to make it for her. If Amy is not obliged to sacrifice her arm but is only permitted to do so, Bob can readily become the one responsible for the mission of cutting off Amy’s arm and saving his company from the alien. Mulgan (2001) recognizes that in this case, Bob is allowed to chop Amy’s arm, to save his own and the life of Clare, even if this act seems morally wrong to him. In this case, the demandingness of moral consequentialism will reach the point, where individuals have the right to force other individuals to make sacrifices if they decide to refrain from such actions (Mulgan, 2001). Here, moral consequentialism becomes both permissive and demanding, and makes individuals engage in actions which seem to be intuitively wrong. Again, the extent to which this sacrifice is suboptimal is difficult to define. Whether the decision to chop off Amy’s arm is intuitively wrong will depend on a number of circumstances. It will depend on how the person himself judges his own actions and decisions. For example, there is always a distinction between subjective expectations and objective probabilities that particular actions will lead to specific consequences (Mulgan, 2001). Bob may believe that his decision to chop off Amy’s arm will cause her unbearable pain and will thus refrain from cutting off her arm. In reality, however, Amy may accept the need to get rid of her arm for the sake of saving the lives of her friends. In a similar vein, Bob may choose to interpret the decision to chop off Amy’s arm as the action with the lowest probability to cause harm to Clare and which also causes the least evil compared with other alternatives. Based on whether Bob views his decisions as the greatest good or the least evil, moral consequentialism will look more or less demanding. As a result, whether moral consequentialism requires that individuals engage in actions that are intuitively wrong depends on how they themselves judge their actions and in what conditions these actions are to take place. Conclusion In broad terms, moral consequentialism claims that the need to promote the greatest good for the greatest number of people is the only moral factor that counts in judging the righteousness and moral acceptability of each particular action. Critics often argue that moral consequentialism requires that individuals engage in actions which are morally wrong. The nature of this criticism originates from the assumptions about the excessive permissiveness and demandingness of moral consequentialism. However, the current analysis confirms that whether moral consequentialism pushes individuals to perform actions that are intuitively wrong depends on how they themselves judge their actions and in what conditions these actions are to take place. Despite relative demandingness and permissiveness, moral consequentialism always leaves much room for subjectivity and provides individuals with an opportunity to change their opinions and the opinions of others about the moral character of their actions and decisions. References Baier, K. (1958). The moral point of view: A rational basis of ethics. Ithaca: Cornell University Press. Kagan, S. (1984). Does consequentialism demand too much? Recent work on the limits of obligation. Philosophy and Public Affairs, 13(3), 239-254. Kagan, S. (1998). Normative ethics. Colorado: Westview Press. McLean, G. F. Ellrod, F. E. (1992). Philosophical foundations for moral education and character development: Act and agent. CRVP. Mulgan, T. (2001). The demands of consequentialism. Oxford University Press.

A View From The Bridge :: English Literature

A View From The Bridge Arthur Miller clearly uses different aspects of his play â€Å"A view from the bridge† to create dramatic tension. His central character Eddie is the person around who has a great deal of conflict revolving around him. He creates a lot of tensions and each scene of conflict becomes stronger than one before. He lives with his wife and her niece Catherine. Eddie is very protective of Catherine and wants her to get a good education. He also seems to be in love with Catherine but refuses to face this fact at any stage in the play even when Beatrice, his wife, points it out to him clearly. We also witness Eddie’s verbal conflict with all the characters at some point throughout the play. Other aspect is how the other characters feel concerned about him. There is a scene of unease as we see how Catherine and Beatrice are unsure about how he will react when he is told about Catherine’s job. As we understand Catherine is deeply influenced by Eddie and does everything he wants and Beatrice warns her not to act like a child in front of Eddie. The introduction of two foreign characters from Italy( Marco and Rodolpho) to this working class environment of New York creates a good deal of the conflict and tension in the play. Rodolpho is not married, good looking, lively and able to gain interest easily, in fact Catherine seems to have been immediately attracted to him. He dreams of being rich and returning to Italy with a monocycle. So Catherine falls in love with him and as soon as they begin to date Eddie gets very annoyed, as he is very possessive. He objects to the relationships between Catherine and Rodolpho because he is secretly but very jealous. Tension increases in Act One as Catherine boasts to Eddie that Rodolpho has been to Africa. Eddie and Marco describe their travels on fishing boats and Beatrice asks why they have to go out on boats to fish so Marco tells her that the only fish she will catch from the beach are sardines. Audience see that Catherine and Beatrice contemplate about the thought of sardines in the ocean. Catherine thinks the idea of sardines in the ocean is as strange as oranges on a tree. Eddie agrees with Catherine and makes weird announcement saying that he heard about painting oranges to make them look orange because they grew green on the tree. It sounds understandable for us that Rodolpho disagrees with Eddie's thoughts about the oranges and Beatrice feeling some kind of conflict coming up quickly diverts it by

Pran Group Swot Analysis

PRAN  stands for  Program for  Rural  Advancement  Nationally. The largest fruit and vegetable processing industry in Bangladesh with countrywide distribution network AMCL’s  PRAN  is an established brand of Bangladesh with an extensive sales force all over the country. PRAN  have a well-developed infrastructure for production, sales and distribution. PRAN  has proven itself as –  Local product but of international standard. . Goals: †¢ Quality maintenance and improvement. †¢ Satisfied customers. †¢ Hold on to the current customers and again gain customer loyalty. †¢ Gain competitive advantage over all the competitors. To double sales and expand production capacity every 7-8 years. †¢ To become one of the biggest names in international fruit and vegetable processing industry Scope: The market of soft drinks and beverage is very competitive. We may say that as a strong market. This project paper is prepared as a marketing plan of a product of AMCL which brand name is PRAN. Methodology: To prepare this report, standard methods of report writing have been used. For writing this report different types of data were needed to complete, tabulate and analyze. The required data were collected by using secondary sources.For collecting data from secondary sources, go through various web sites. After completion of the data, these were sorted into different categories. Limitation: The study suffered a number of limitations: 1. Lack of the part of experience of the researchers. 2. Unconfirmed accuracy of certain information acquired. 3. Lack of information from the primary source. 4. The comparisons may not be effective enough. 5. Lack of time for preparing the report. Source of data: Our source of data is internet, other company profile, published magazine by other company etc. e also collect information from our experience. Current market analysis: According to the information from different sources â€Å"Pranâ₠¬  is now the market leader in the juice sector of soft drinks market. After Pran, frutika, fruto are in the position. Most market shares are now holding by AMCL (Pran), next frutika and then fruto. Product Review: Among many of their products  PRAN’s  main product is their fruit juice and fruit drinks, which is very popular among the existing market. The product line is: †¢ Fruit juice in glass bottle (returnable): It is hygienically produced by state-of-the-art machinery.Available in  mango flavor, made from fresh local ripe mangoes. †¢ Fruit juice in glass bottle (non-returnable): This category of juice is found in non-returnable glass bottle in flavors of  mango, guava and orange. †¢ Fruit juice in aseptic pack: Available flavors in this category are:  mango, lemon, orange, pineapple, guava and mango-pine. †¢ Fruit juice in can: The fruit juices in cans are hygienically produced by state-of-the-art machine from flavors of  mango, orange an d guava. Review of competitors: Currently there are so many juice companies in our country. Among them pran is the leader of juice sector in Bangladesh.Except pran, Lemu, Mojo, RC cola, Pepsi, URO Cola, Virgin, Fruti, Coca cola, 7up, Tiger. Shezan Juice, Rasna. Review of distribution: Pran primarily use existing distributors for distributing their product  Pran Juice  then; they make some new channels and assign some distributors to promote their product to all over the country. So pran deal with this chain: Manufacturer >   Wholesaler>  Ã‚   Retailer>   Customer Figure: Distribution Channel Company using mobile shop in the shopping malls, offices and crowded areas so that people can purchase the product easily when they like to consume.We will make our consumer by  Value Delivery Network. SWOT Analysis: Strengths: †¢ Government support:  Being the biggest local force in the industry AMCL always had government by its side. Government has been supporting  PRAN  in many ways like subsidies, export subsidies, tariffs on foreign competitors etc. †¢ First mover’s advantage: PRAN  entered the market when the product was still very new to the consumers and there was little or no presence of any other local companies with such investment. Therefore  PRAN  had the first mover’s advantage which they are still enjoying till now. Internal strength:  AMCL has a very powerful management team to guide a strong gigantic workforce. Despite its huge size  PRAN  has been able to maintain labor productivity and increasing sales. Its labor productivity is twice as much as any other local company in the market (Not foreign companies). †¢ Market share: PRAN  AMCL has a great competitive advantage over the other competitors. As mentioned earlier it is the largest fruit and vegetable processing industry in Bangladesh and holds the biggest share in markets in Bangladesh among the local companies.PRAN  has the largest sales in fruit drinks after Coca-Cola and PepsiCo. Weaknesses: †¢ External threats:  Too much competition from international organizations, for example Coca-Cola, PepsiCo, RC-Cola, Virgin Cola, Rasna (India), Shezan (Pakistan) etc. †¢ Internal weaknesses:  Large size of the business and workforce makes it difficult to manage perfectly. As a result it often causes internal conflict. Opportunities †¢ Existing competitor of the current market is not that much strong which the pran company has. †¢ Pran can be export to other countries. †¢ Existing distribution channel is being used. High growth rate in this industry. Threats †¢ Competitor can produce the same product. †¢ Downward pressure on pricing. †¢ Political instability, economy etc. †¢ New innovation from other competitors could be a threat. Marketing Strategy Positioning Pran always try to position their product through image differentiation, because related marketing, and product differ entiation. Pran will use logo and short advertisement so that people can consistently see the advertisement so the product will occupy a clear, distinctive, and desirable place in the mind of the consumer relative to competitors’ product.Pran will use USP (Unique Selling Proposition) for their product. To do brand differences that make a better differentiation or that has the potential to create company costs as well as customer benefits. A difference is worth establishing to the extent that it satisfies the following criteria. †¢ O Important †¢ O Distinctive †¢ O Superior †¢ O Communicable †¢ O Affordable and Profitable Marketing Mix: Our marketing mixes for the product  Pran  are Product Marketing: For launching a product in the market, there is some procedure that should be followed by every marketer to move in the long run.Our product will enable our customers to have a different experience to try our juice. They will be able to differentiate our product in quality which is unique in the soft drinks market. They will not be able to feel the same way for the other soft drinks in the market. Pricing Strategies: We shall charge based on â€Å"Overhead Expenses† and â€Å"Cost Plus†. Overhead Expenses include rent, gas and electricity, business telephone calls, packing and shipping supplies, delivery and freight charges, cleaning, insurance, office supplies, postage, payroll taxes, repairs, and maintenance.The accuracy of our costing will depend on estimating logical amounts for all categories of expenses. We have to list all overhead expense items and total they divide the total overhead figure by the number of items per month (or time period we used above). The answer is our overhead per item: Overhead + Materials + Labor = Total Cost/Item From the market research, we received the following- Company Name  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Price Fruti(250ml)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   15 Mojo (250ml)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   15 Pran(250 ml)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   15 Table: Price of different brands.We want to charge 250 ml Pran soft drinks at the selling price of Tk. 14. On the other hand, the prices for Pran soft drinks are to be charged for 500 ml Tk. 32, for 1000 ml Tk. 60. Place or Distribution: We will primarily use our existing distributors for distributing our new product  Pran Juice  then; we will make some new channels and assign some distributors to promote our product to all over the country. We are using mobile shop in the shopping malls, offices and crowded areas so that people can purchase the product easily when they like to consume.We will make our consumer by  Value Delivery Network. Advertising and Promotion: The most successful advertising will be throu gh  BTV, NTV, Channel I, ATN  Bangla and RTV  which are the most popular television channels in the country. We will also use some bill-boards and leaflets and we will hold a sport event to promote the product. We will also use our experience so that we can create attention to the customers. Target market Our main target market people are the young ages people who like to drink juice very much. Mostly the school going students and the children.Beside that we also focus the young generation people. Although our main target market is young people but we also prefer the people of adult and old ages people. Forecast and Financial analysis: it just a hypothetical forecasting and financial analysis- The brands of â€Å"Pran Juice†Ã‚  will be introduced in September. We make an action program for the next four months. And we believe that, if our four month action programs will run well, then we will achieve our goals easily. June: In June we will arrange meeting with our suppl iers, dealers.And talk about our new product’s quality, product development etc. Our product is low involvement and buyers show habitual buying behavior. Then we will start production new Pran Juice. July: After meeting with the dealers we will provide sample Pran Juice to our customers for getting publicity. On the other hand we will give advertise of our new product in the Television, Radio, Bill Board, Banners, and in the Poster. Then we will launch our product in to the market. In the primary stage we will produce 250ml and 500ml can. August:After doing our successful operations of two month, at the third month we give extra benefits to the dealers and sellers to improve our sales. We will give small toys; arrange game. Observing the situations, at this stage we will produce 250ml can, and 500ml can for the consumers. In this month we will start to produce 1000ml can. And this month our product will be available in almost every shop of the country. September: In our last month of action program, if situation will favorable then we go for Divisional dealers to distribute to the whole country.Observing and analyzing we take necessary actions to develop product sales and increase our profit. In this way we will continue our production and give a particular image to the mind of every customer. Budget: This section will offer a financial overview four company as it relates to our marketing activities. We have shown break-even information. Sales Forecast: The sales forecast is broken down into the three main revenue streams; direct  Ã‚  Ã‚   sales, Web sales, consignment sales. The sale forecast for the upcoming year is based on 30% growth rate.Growth rate for year 2006 to 2010 are based on percentage increases as follows: †¢ Direct sales 20% growth rate per year †¢ Web sales 50% growth rate per year. †¢ Consignment sales 20% growth rate year. [pic] Profit/loss: January 31,2011, AMCL(PRAN) As per un-audited half yearly accounts as on 31. 12. 10 (July’10 to Dec’10), the company has reported net profit after tax of Tk. 19. 44 million with EPS of Tk. 24. 29 as against Tk. 17. 05 million and Tk. 21. 31 respectively for the same period of the previous year. Control: Our control depends on the customer satisfaction.If customer demand different things with which they feel comfortable, then we simply change our controlling techniques. Conclusion: We all know that, today’s fast moving world respect the new, innovative ideas. To keep the same pace with this situation our company had decided to launch a Juice and it has a bright future in its market. As the product is innovative, the consumers are going product will be a strong product mix for our company. And once our  Juice  will reach to the hand of our targeted customers, we will be able to capture the most market shares.